The US government, like in many other countries, has a significant amount of debt outstanding. This debt is financed for the majority through the issuance of Treasury securities, which include Treasury bills (short-term), Treasury notes (medium-term), and Treasury bonds (long-term), and these securities serve as key instruments in financial markets. The investors include individuals, corporations, pension funds, the Federal Reserve, and other governments. Broadly, this is referred to the debt held by the public.

“Javier Milei’s dollarization and fiscal austerity proposals overlook the complexities of modern economies, ignore lessons from historical crises, and open the door for accentuating already severe inequalities.”

Brazil’s 2026 election may be a breaking point for the country’s markets and policies. Fiscal rules, interest rates, and asset returns all depend on who wins. With questions over whether Lula will seek re-election and no clear conservative successor to Bolsonaro, the field is wide open.